(10)
Perhaps the most famous theory, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks—we are not born with them. A baby has generally informed face features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around-family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some areas of the United States look so much alike, new Englanders or Southerners have certain common face features that cannot be explained by genetics(遗传学). The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth, it is learned after. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set. For many, this can be well into grown-ups. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country area where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York State still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Georgia. People in Atlanta, Georgia. People in largely populated areas also smile and greet each other in public less than people in small towns do.
1. Ray Birdwhistell believes that physical appearance _______.
A. has little to do with culture
B. has much to do with culture
C. is ever changing
D. is different from place to place
2. According to the passage, the final mouth shape is formed _______.
A. before birthB. as soon as one’s teeth are newly set
C. sometime after new teeth are set D. around 15 years old
3. Ray Birdwhistell can tell what area of the United States a person is from by _______.
A. how much he or she laughsB. how he or she raises his or her eyebrows
C. what he or she likes bestD. the way he or she talks
4. This passage might have been taken out of a book dealing with ________.
A. physics B. chemistryC. biologyD. none of the above
【答案解析】
本文介绍了人的面目不是生来注定，而是后天习得的理论。
1. B。细节题。根据文章第2句physical appearance is often culturally programmed可推知此题答案为B。
2. C。细节题。根据文章中间的句子the final mouth shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set可推知此题答案为 C。
3. A。推断题。根据文章末尾部分对各个地方人笑的多少的归纳可推知此题答案为A。
4. D。推断题。根据文章的内容与选项的比较，发现选项A、B、C与文章内容毫无关系，从而可推知此题答案为D。
(11)
Suppose we built a robot to explore the planet Mars. We provide the robot with seeing detectors(探测器) to keep it away from danger. It is powered entirely by the sun. Should we program the robot to be equally active at all times? No, the robot would be using up energy at a time when it was not receiving any. So we would probably program it to stop its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning.
According to evolutionary(进化的) theory of sleep, evolution equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reason. The theory does not deny that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be inefficient and possibly dangerous. However, sleep protects us only from the sort of trouble we might walk into; it does not protect us from trouble that comes looking for us. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into the tent.
The evolutionary theory explain the differences in sleep among creatures. Why do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little? Surely cats do not need five times as much repair and restoration as horses do. But cats can afford to have long periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover, they cannot afford to sleep too long or too deeply, because their survival depends on their ability to run away from attackers.
1. The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us _______.
A. the differences between robots and men
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